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2008/12/16


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THE NEW US ADMINISTRATION AND PEACE ON THE KOREAN PENINSULA / James T. Laney


It is a great honor for me to be asked to participate in this conference observing the eighth anniversary of Former President Kim Dae-jung¡¯s receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, and to be included with such distinguished colleagues and guests. I wish to acknowledge my high esteem for President Kim, and salute him for his lifelong commitment, at enormous personal sacrifice, to the cause of democracy and peace.

My topic is the new US administration and peace on the Korean peninsula. I want to emphasize that while I do not speak for the new administration, and what I have to say are my own thoughts, I have attempted to build on what the President-elect has said in ways I think may be consistent with his goals.

Our overall goal is a non-nuclear, peaceful peninsula. The North¡¯s goal is to survive, with its sense of dignity intact. The great question is whether we can reconcile these two, and how.

The end of the Korean War left the issue of who won unresolved, and that shadow has cast a pall over the efforts to bring closure - and peace – up to this day. The North in its gravely weakened state, despite its huge military, has no prospect of triumphing. Its ambition is to survive, and its trump card is its nuclear program. The South, on the other hand, has become a democratic nation and an economic powerhouse, respected around the world and a model for emerging nations. Having lost in every realm of competition, the North is thus extremely sensitive about its dignity and seeks at every turn to ¡°win¡± points against its southern neighbor, even to the point of retaliating by measures costly to itself. Its sole claim to international attention is having entered the group of nuclear states. But its viability is compromised by the uncertainty surrounding the health of its leader and questions about orderly succession. As a result, the future of a nuclear North Korea poses huge, urgent problems for the South, the US, and the region

The Obama Administration takes office at a time of renewed tensions on the peninsula. Several major steps toward peaceful reconciliation have been reversed or compromised: the Mount Kumgang tourist program closed, the railroad link across the DMZ blocked, and the personnel from the South working at the Kaesong industrial park reduced by half, raising questions about its future.

On the other hand, the new administration inherits an on-going Six-Party process, though hobbled by fits and starts, with its participation of the surrounding powers and the strong leadership of China. Under the agile leadership of Assistant Secretary Christopher Hill, the US has pursued direct talks with the North in an attempt to reach an agreement on the North¡¯s denuclearization. These began only after the North had tested a nuclear device and have never had the full backing of all Bush¡¯s close advisors. As a result, the North has viewed the Bush Administration warily, mindful of how it heaped opprobrium on Kim Jong Il and linked the North together with Iraq and Iran as part of the Axis of Evil at the beginning of its first term.

Through several public statements, Mr. Obama has indicated how his administration will approach the situation. He has said ¡°we will be firm and unyielding and our commitment to a non-nuclear Korean peninsula.¡± To that end there must be ¡°verifiable elimination of all North Korea¡¯s nuclear weapons programs, as well as its proliferation activities, including with Syria.¡± To achieve this, he is prepared to enter into ¡°direct, sustained, and aggressive diplomacy¡± in cooperation and with the support of the Six-Party process. While the North has been cautious in its response to the election, the Chosun Shinbo in Japan, often seen as reflecting the North¡¯s position, has stated that ¡°Obama needs to implement policies on his own from early in his term without wasting time by following old practices.¡± That would seem to invite new initiatives and a fresh approach and indicate the North is eager to deal with the new administration.

But even more important may be the atmosphere surrounding the Obama election and its prospects for establishing a basis for fresh confidence at home and abroad. While one should be cautious of too high expectations, the sense of new possibilities in Washington and around the world is palpable. That alone presents new opportunities in many arenas. And the caliber of the Obama appointments indicates that he will move from strength and experience, not naïveté. His team will see South Korea as a mature, strong and trusted ally. They will see North Korea as a reality to be dealt with, not from enmity or hostility, but firmly and directly with the goal of its becoming a verifiably non-nuclear state that can feel secure without nuclear weapons.

What are some of the implications of ¡°direct, sustained and aggressive diplomacy¡± as an approach to the North? President-elect Obama has made a strong point of being willing to meet directly, without precondition, with the leadership of nations with whom the US has issues of contention. This is not diplomacy by personality (as it is often caricatured) as much as recognition of the fact that in those cases major decisions are made only at the top. This does not preclude sending envoys with international reputations and who enjoy the implicit trust of the president himself. And ¡°without precondition¡± does not mean without preparation, as was sometimes charged during the election campaign. It does mean being willing to take a fresh look at the overall situation, and not be bound by the legacy of the past. Further, it means not using talks, or the prospect of talks, as a reward, which makes them conditional on meeting prior demands. What I see this meaning on the Korean peninsula is an attempt to move beyond the zero-sum game that has so often characterized our approach to the North. Such an approach implies that the North¡¯s right to exist must be established by proving its legitimacy in our eyes and on our terms. Holding direct talks does not imply moral approval. It simply accepts the reality of the other side in recognition of the fact that there is a possibility of all sides coming out ahead. But in that case, there is no ¡°winner¡± with its corresponding satisfaction of triumph.

The urgency of direct talks cannot be overstated. A weakened nuclear state poses a threat not so much of its use of such weapons but of their ultimate disposition. Add to that the uncertainly surrounding the health of the North¡¯s Leader and what could happen as succession issues are played out, and there is the potential for serious trouble.

At the same time, direct talks must be seen as undertaken in behalf of the South, not at its expense. Certainly they must not be understood as diminishing the South¡¯s relationship with the US. In the past, some have felt that any attention given the North by the US had to be at the expense of the South, and that the North sought such attention only to drive a wedge between the US and the South. Even if that was a motive of the North, it does not follow that contact between the US and the North must support that contention. That is why any talks must be accompanied by the closest coordination with the South, as well as with the support of the Six-Party process.

The talks proposed by the new administration are to be direct, but also sustained. That is to say, they are not one shot deals. Such talks should move along, but they must be sustained even against statements and actions by the North that have in the past presented serious obstacles. This means we must always keep in mind the extreme sense of insecurity that is ever-present in the North¡¯s thinking. The US and the South act from a position of overwhelming superiority. The self-imposed isolation of the North with its consequent weakness makes it very vulnerable, both in its sense of dignity and its security. Talks will not succeed until the North feels secure enough to be able to relinquish its nuclear arsenal. Given its precarious state, is that achievable? And will the North¡¯s military acquiesce in such a loss of power and status? One can be forgiven for being skeptical of an affirmative answer. Nevertheless, such questions can only be answered, and the answers can only be tested, by the direct and sustained approach Mr. Obama proposes.

One item should be at the top of the agenda, however, in order to remove all unnecessary obstacles to progress, that is the establishment of a peace treaty to replace the truce that has been in place since 1953. One of the things that have bedeviled all talks until now is the unresolved status of the Korean War. A peace treaty would provide a baseline for relationships, eliminating the question of the other¡¯s legitimacy and its right to exist. Absent such a peace treaty, every dispute presents afresh the question of the other side¡¯s legitimacy. Only with a treaty in place, will both sides be relieved of the political demand to see each move as conferring approval or not. After more than a half century, it is time for us to come to terms with existence simply as a fact, and not see it as a concession. Also a treaty would reduce the uncertainties about future policy which inevitably accompany changes in administration, in either South Korea or the US, since it is based upon ratification by the respective legislatures.

Obama has also said that talks should be ¡°aggressive¡±, which I take to mean that they are to be determined, purposeful, imaginative and tough. The term suggests that time is of the essence, that the longer there is delay in reaching a conclusive resolution of the North¡¯s nuclear issue, the greater the chance of losing control of the disposition of the weapons and weapons material. While there may be those that welcome the North¡¯s weakened state, hoping for a collapse, such a prospect should occasion grave concern for all who see only chaos in that prospect. I would hope that an aggressive approach would include all options, including normalization, coming step-by-step as the nuclear program is dismantled, all nuclear material and weapons accounted for, and all turned over to the IAEA for safe custody and out of the potential hands of terrorists.

We are all aware of the fact that it was the absence of diplomatic engagement that led the North to expand its nuclear program that led to the testing of a nuclear device in 2006. That, and the verbal hostility that accompanied President Bush rejection of the Agreement. This was after President Kim Dae Jung¡¯s historic 2000 summit and the subsequent exchange of visits later that year by Vice Marshall Cho and Secretary Albright. Much was made early in the Bush administration of the North¡¯s cheating on the 1994 Agreed Framework with an undisclosed uranium program. But the eight years of freeze at the Yongbyon plant meant no production of plutonium or weapons and a corresponding period of diminished tension on the Korea peninsula, giving the South the time and opportunity to move from emerging to developed economy and a favored place in the world of international economy. Further, with the freeze there was no plutonium reprocessing and no nuclear testing. That took place during the period of non-engagement, an action meant to punish the North but which only succeeded in allowing it to go nuclear in fact.

Sending a special emissary to Pyongyang is a possibility. Names like Henry Kissinger, Bill Perry and Sam Nunn come to mind. Such an approach would direct, imaginative and tough. They would go an emissary with unquestioned presidential authority and with acknowledged reputation. Their presence alone would confer the dignity the North so longs to have acknowledged. Their astuteness and demonstrated wisdom would ensure that either a verifiable deal could be struck, or that the North did not indeed intend to give up its nuclear card. That last point is extremely important. We need to test the intentions of the North without any secondary impediments. That can only be done in the context of a good-faith offer of normalization of relations with the US and hopefully with South Korea.

Regardless of how they go, talks between the North and the new administration in Washington do not constitute the whole of its approach. Mr. Obama has said repeatedly that he favors multilateral forums wherever possible. Certainly the Six Party process has proven its value over and again, drawing in the surrounding powers and gaining broad consensus for major initiatives. It has gone far beyond the initial role envisioned for it in 2003 when a colleague and I proposed it as a way to get the US and the North together unofficially since they would not meet directly. Since then it has enabled China to work in tandem with the US and exercise leadership at critical times where its influence with North Korea has proved crucial. Japan¡¯s role in the process has been the most problematic, focused as it is on the abductee issue. But it stands to gain immeasurably if the nuclear problem can be resolved. Certainly there is no question but what the Obama people will invest the Six Party regime with even greater authority, and that in turn can lead to greater balance and stability in the region.

The greatest threat North Korea poses is not one of deliberate aggression, but of instability as a state with nuclear weapons. Its weakened economy and the uncertainties surrounding the orderly succession of leadership and the transfer of power make it urgent that the US and South Korea coordinate their efforts in an aggressive initiative of engagement. Only then can there be plausible hope for peace on the Korean peninsula.


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