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2008/08/15


±è´ëÁß Àü´ëÅë·É <ÄÚ¸®¾Æ ŸÀÓÁî> ȸ°ß ³ìÃë·Ï (Àü¹®)

(ȸ°ß : 2008. 8. 14(¸ñ), º¸µµ : 8.15(±Ý))

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Kim Calls for 'Diplomacy of Balance'


Ex-President Warns Against
Emergence of Japan¡¯s
Ultra-Rightists, China¡¯s Nationalism

Former President Kim Dae-jung

By Oh Young-jin
Assistant Managing Editor


Former President Kim Dae-jung said Thursday that Korea needs to take advantage of its geographical position between the fast-growing market of China and the mature economy of Japan, beef up its alliance with the United States and seize the land of opportunity in North Korea.

In the exclusive interview with The Korea Times to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the foundation of the Republic of Korea at his private residence in Seoul, Kim also warned against Japan's emergence of far-right ultra conservatives and China's exclusionary nationalism, which he said would surely influence Korea's relations with these neighboring countries.

``Being located between China and Japan should be considered as an advantage, not a disadvantage,'' said the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, dismissing the alarmist view that Korea will be swept by the two major powers as defeatist.

``China offers the market of 1.3 billion consumers, while Japan is the land of over 100 million people,'' the 82-year-old former head of state said.

He cited ``Hallyu'' or the Korean wave of drama, music and other cultural products that are sweeping China, Japan and even some Middle Eastern countries. ``Hallyu shows the depth of our potential,'' he said.

During the one-and-half-hour interview at his private residence in Seoul, Kim spoke with a voice belying his age of a caution that should be taken to deal with China.

``China apparently worries about Korea's leaning toward the United States,'' he said, pointing out a critical tone taken by Beijing about the Korea-U.S. defense treaty during the recent visit by President Lee Myung-bak.

``It is a diplomatic discourtesy,'' Kim chided Beijing but added that China may harbor suspicions that Seoul will join the U.S.-led missile defense (MD) project. MD, being pushed by the Bush administration, is aimed at setting up a defense shield worldwide in what it says is a growing threat by missile attacks by rogue states against the United States. Now, a U.S. plan to install MD elements in Poland is facing strong opposition by Russia. Korea is reportedly regarded as candidate as staging area for the U.S. defense shield against the growing missile capabilities of North Korea that borders with China.

For China, Kim said that the outside world has an obligation to steer China clear of dangers inherent in its dual system of capitalist economy under the communist leadership. ``As shown in its handling of the Tibetan separatist movement, China turns nationalistic,'' he said. He said that the Chinese leadership also should learn from history ¡ª affluence inviting people's yearning for a bigger say through free speech and participatory politics so as to be the master of their own fate. ``Democracy is the only solution,'' said Kim, one of Korea's best-known human rights fighter, who spent six years in jail and many years with his political rights severely restricted under a series of dictatorships. Kim once was sentenced to death under the rule of Chun Doo-hwan, the Army general who grabbed power after the assassination of Park Chung-hee, only to be spared his life thanks to global efforts to save him.

About Tokdo, the perennial territorial flashpoint with Japan, he accented the efficacy of ``quiet diplomacy,'' saying, ``That is our territory. Why are we causing a fuss and running the risk of playing into the hands of ultra-nationalists in Japan?''

``Diplomacy is the art of keeping your best hand close to your chest,'' he said, adding that President Lee surrendered all his cards when he told Japan to forget the past and forge a partnership.

He was careful not to be antagonistic, when he said that Lee is so Bush-oriented as to alienate other key players in the region. ``Fortunately, President Bush has corrected his ill-guided way with his administration talking directly to North Korea,'' he observed. ``The Lee administration will in the end go back to the road of engagement with Pyongyang.''

Kim, who won the Nobel Prize for his first-ever inter-Korean summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il eight years ago, said that the North has committed itself to the path of openness. ``North Korea has all the right ingredients such as good manpower and natural resources to be South Korea's ideal partner and land of opportunity,'' he said, conjecturing an opened North would clear the way for South Korea to reach out to Central Asia and then to Europe by land, an eventuality that holds a great deal of economic benefits.

On domestic front, he mentioned the recent candlelit vigils against the incumbent government's decision over U.S. beef imports as ``voice of popular force'' that leaders should listen to humbly. ``I read reports that President Lee felt humbled after watching the riots,'' he said.

The former President warned that when elite leaders move away from popular sentiment, grass-roots people will resume candlelight vigils.

foolsdie@koreatimes.co.kr



8¿ù 14ÀÏÀÚ(±Ý¿äÀÏ) ±â»ç ¨è

Korea Setting Shining Example for Other Nations

Former President and 2000 Nobel Peace Prize winner Kim Dae-jung talks about the meaning of the 60th anniversary of the foundation of the Republic of Korea during a 90-minute interview with The Korea Times at his residence in Seoul Thursday. / Korea Times Photo by Shim Hyun-chul

Koreans Described as Doll That Rights Itself When Tipped Over

By Michael Ha
Staff Reporter

Former President and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Kim Dae-jung said Thursday Korea has written a miraculous story since the Republic's founding 60 years ago.

``There are some 150 nations that attained sovereignty following the Second World War. Among them, South Korea stands out as a shining example for other nations," said Kim.

The former President shared his thoughts about the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of Korea, in an exclusive interview with The Korea Times Thursday at his residence in Seoul. He said Korea's rapid achievements in the past 60 years stand without comparison in modern history. He said Korea is a nation that stands strong in face of adversity and despair. ``Korea is a nation that just doesn't give up. Koreans turn challenges into new opportunities," Kim said.

``A lot of times, we Koreans are not even fully aware of our status around the world. If we continue on the right path, we can continue to excel on the world stage," he said.

``If we were to describe the Korean republic's modern 60-year history in one phrase, I would say it is falling down seven times but getting up eight times. During the colonial period, Koreans fought ferociously for our country's freedom and we had an active provisional government based in China."

``Even when we were in despair, that was not the end of the story for us. Even during times when our national economy collapsed, we always got back up. After the Korean War, our country and the economy laid in ruins, but former President Park Chung-Hee built our economy back up. During the 1997 currency crisis, we Koreans again succeeded in reviving the economy,'' Kim said.

``While dealing with all these, Korea also managed to turn itself into one of the most advanced countries in terms of information technology and a leading nation in this 21st-century information age.

``Even in South-North relations, we turned a new page, started a new chapter, and put an end to the previous Cold War, adversarial relationship. We have been following the path to reconciliation and cooperation.''

Kim said: ``Our nation, time after time, faced despair but righted itself, again and again. We are just like a doll that rights itself when tipped over. We are a nation that doesn't know how to give up. We fall down seven times but get back up eight times."

Korean Influence Felt Throughout World

``Since the Republic's founding six decades ago, Korea achieved all the hallmarks of a modern nation: genuine democracy, industrialization and a high standard of living and a national economy that is one of the largest and the strongest in the world," the former President said.

``Korea is also excelling on the cultural front. And the continuing `Hallyu,' or the Korean cultural wave phenomenon, in other parts of the world is an example of that," Kim said.

``This spread of Korean popular culture in Asian regions including Japan and China and Southeast Asian nations is also an important achievement in our modern era. In Japan, the Korean pop culture including pop songs and television series continue to be in strong demand. And in China, Kim noted, ``I've read that sometimes up to 100 million viewers are glued to their television sets watching the latest Korean soap drama series."

``This is significant because historically, both China and Japan traditionally held a belief that their nations are better, superior to Korea. But Korea turned both Chinese and Japanese people into major fans of Korea's popular culture, that's a big, big success for us Koreans.

``Now this Hallyu phenomenon has reached Southeast Asian countries and is even getting to the Middle East countries."

Resilient Nation

``The way Korea prevailed over the 1997 currency crisis shows how resilient we Koreans are," Kim said.

``In case of the Great Britain, it took them seven, eight years to recover when they ran into their own financial, currency trouble. We Koreans recovered in two years.

``Former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Robert Rubin had remarked at that time regarding South Korea's rapid recovery that it was a truly remarkable turnaround," Kim said.

``In his autobiography as well as in a series of lectures, Rubin had said the quick turnaround from the crisis is a remarkable feat achieved by the Korean people and the Kim Dae-jung administration."

``But in fact, that recovery is not highly regarded by Koreans. We generally don't see the recovery as an achievement. But the rest of the world has been impressed by the way Korea quickly got back on its feet so soon after the crisis.

Korea's World-Class Economy

Kim said that Korea's economy ``leads the world in a number of areas including modern shipbuilding, steel processing and, of course, high-tech electronic and IT products."

``Our shipbuilding companies manufacture the best ships in the shortest time, at the lowest cost compared to other competitors around the world. Even our agricultural sector is beginning to turn high-tech in conducting business. Those that are engaged in electronic, online commercial transactions are seeing their bottom line improve significantly," the former President said.

``Some of these cases illustrate our nation's resilient character. We will fall down at times, but we don't stay down. We always get back up. Koreans are diligent and find ways to prevail over challenges."

``The Korean people's strongest, best character is that we don't give up. We don't know how to give up," Kim said.

``Koreans are forward-looking, always moving forward to the future. And Koreans are also very receptive to new things and ideas. This is a very special trait when compared to other nations that are rather closed-minded about accepting and incorporating other cultures and ideas into their own."

Traditional Emphasis on Education

The former President said that above all, one of the most important strengths that characterize us Koreans is ``our emphasis on good education."

``When you look at the history of other nations, in Europe for example, the official posts and duties in governments were inherited. But in Korea, these were not inherited," he noted.

``In ancient Korea, even children of senior ministers could not get government posts if they failed at the national government examinations. To get high marks in these difficult-to-pass state examinations, young students had to devote themselves to years of studying. Ignorant people, even if children of high-ranking officials, could not get into government service.

``So traditionally, that was the impetus for Koreans' emphasis on good education. In Japan, warriors ruled the government. In Korea, scholars ruled the country. Since influential government officials put emphasis on getting a good education and on studying, that trait was passed down to the general public and took on a national characteristic.

The former President added that ``to be sure, there are side effects and problems associated with an overzealous focus on education. But this national emphasis on studying churns out a well-educated, highly qualified workforce in Korea."

michaelha@koreatimes.co.kr



8¿ù 14ÀÏÀÚ(±Ý¿äÀÏ) ±â»ç ¨é

Foreign Workers Are Assets for the Nation

The former President listed four challenges Korea Should tackle to become an industrialized and advanced country. He said the nation should build a more equitable society, and promote more equitable distribution, promote welfare of temporary workers and welcome foreign workers and students as assets to the country.

New Challenge: Building Equitable Society

He said ``our nation and our society should take care to help, offer incentives, to those committed to just and righteous causes to advance our country."

``And we also need to take steps so that those who commit wrongdoings are justly punished. At the very least, we should foster an environment that discourages behavior that undermines our collective society," he said.

The former President argued that Korea ``still falls somewhat short of reaching that ideal society because Koreans have lived through a period of authoritarian governments. And we also continue to see a significant gap between the haves and have-nots. We have a government not doing nearly enough to narrow that wealth gap between the rich and the poor."

More Equitable Distribution

``One argument I hear from certain politicians and government officials is that economic growth comes before wealth distribution," Kim said.

``But that might not be the right way to look at this problem," he said. ``While wealth distribution must come after economic growth, we need to realize that only with equitable distribution, we can have higher consumer demand and spending. And we need more consumer spending to foster more economic output and manufacturing.

``Because of this dynamic, more equitable distribution and economic output and creation go hand in hand. They are two sides of the same coin."

Resolving Temp Job Issue

``To put it another way, in Korea right now, more than eight million workers are employed at temporary jobs. Those workers don't make enough to go out to eat with their families or go on vacation.

``Their income just don't allow for that. With the money they make from their temporary jobs, they can barely make ends meet and barely have enough to buy essentials like basic food and housing.''

``The proliferation of temporary jobs with low wages is a legacy from Korea's currency crisis," Kim noted.

``Corporations and businesses needed to retool their corporate and wage structures to stay afloat and remain competitive during and after the currency crisis. And temporary positions are one of the solutions they have come up with," he said.

``But few people realized at the time how widespread the practice of hiring temps would be in the Korean economy. Now there are more temporary jobs than permanent ones that offer employee benefits and amenities as well as higher pay and job security.

``These temporary employees do the same amount of work yet receive much smaller wages and no job security. Who'd want that and who'd want to work their fullest under these conditions?

``These employees aren't fully committed to their work and responsibilities. And they're nervous over losing their jobs. They don't make enough to pay for quality education for their children. It's also difficult for them to receive quality medical care. This is not a healthy or positive development for the economy," he said.

So this is one issue that the Korean government must tackle to boost the economy.

``Japan, in a bid to make its economy and labor force more flexible, also embraced the creation of temporary jobs. But Japan has also found that these non-permanent jobs are far from being a cure-all. Japanese corporations have been evaluating the effectiveness of these temp jobs and their side effects."

Helping Foreign Workers In `3D' Jobs

Another economic issue Korea must resolve concerns foreign migrant workers who are employed in "3D" jobs that are dirty, dangerous and difficult, Kim said.

``I see authorities are stepping up their efforts to arrest and deport more migrant workers who lack immigration papers. But the government should really think twice about that," he said.

``In ancient Rome, one of the main reasons the Roman economy prospered was that it fully embraced foreign nationals from other regions and offered full citizenship to well-qualified and talented foreign nationals. The ancient empire drew its strength from embracing outside resources and talent. Who was behind the rise of the United States? They were all foreign nationals who came to America."



8¿ù 14ÀÏÀÚ(±Ý¿äÀÏ) ±â»ç ¨ê

Economic Future Bright for Korean Peninsula

The former President also said North Korea has been taking steps to adopt reform measures and try to revive its moribund economy. ``The North has enormous economic potential. It has an enormous reservoir of underground mineral resources including tungsten and magnesite," he said.

Kim said a number of European countries and businesses have already recognized this fact and that they are already making inroads into the North to develop those resources. ``China has also mapped out plans to tap into those resources," he observed.

``There is also a great potential to help develop North Korea's tourism industry. The North also boasts an abundance of highly educated, even military-trained, well-qualified workforce."

Kim said that North Korea is gradually adopting the market economy and that there are now hundreds of open markets and bazaars in the North.

``Of course, the North Korean leaders are reluctant to adopt these measures and move toward a market economy. But their communist system has clearly been a failure," Kim said.

``It's the most isolated country in the world and its people are running out of food and are starving. So the country needs to find other alternative ways. The country is also showing signs that it is willing to form closer ties with the United States.

``We will continue to develop closer ties with the North. There is no way around it. The North and the United States are improving their relations and we can't be sidelined. And as Asian countries devise a formal Asian security framework, we will all take part in that as well"

Economic Future for Korean Peninsula

``The South and the North share the same culture and language and share the same Korean peninsula. We are identical ethnic Koreans. And North Korea also represents a great opportunity, a gold rush, for South Korean businesses," Kim said.

The former President also said the South-North economic partnership would also allow Korea to function as a ``logistics and distribution hub" for the region that would reach into Central Asian and European markets.

``Freight railroads from South Korea to the North would allow us to reach China, Central Asia and Russia easily. It would be cheaper and safer than sea cargo systems.

``Such transnational railroads can create trade and financial hubs along the way. The Korean peninsula could be the logistics and distribution hub for the Pacific region, boosting demand for financial, insurance services. Korea could be one of the four, five biggest economies in the world."

He said the North presents an especially valuable opportunity for small businesses from South Korea.

``Even if you look at the inter-Korean Gaeseong industrial complex, frankly all the South Korean businesses that invested there are enjoying huge returns on their initial investments," Kim said.

``You can see President Lee Myung-bak is now adopting a more engaging policy toward the North. Fostering closer relations with the North serves our national interests. This is critical for our future prosperity."

`Sandwiched' Between China, Japan

The former President also noted that Korea's geographic location, located between two major economic and political powers, China and Japan, offers not only challenges but also opportunities as well.

``One prominent conglomerate leader had remarked previously that Korea's economy could be squeezed and sandwiched between these two major powers," he said. ``But we should see this as not just challenges but opportunities as well.

``China has 1.3 billion consumers, a huge market for Korean products. Japan has a population of more than 100 million. They represent tremendous opportunities for Korean products."

Strategic, Quiet Approach On Dokdo

Also commenting on Japan's sovereignty claim over Dokdo, the former President said it doesn't do much good to make too big of a fuss whenever Japan makes these claims. He emphasized that more strategic, quiet diplomacy may work better in dealing with Tokyo.

``Korea has the practical, legal sovereignty over Dokdo. If we make too big a fuss about Japan's claim, the international community may see the situation as a genuine territorial dispute. Japan's goal is to take this issue to the International Court of Justice."


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