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¢Â The Sunshine Policy, the Road to Success ¢Â


By Dr. Kim Dae-jung

Former President of the Republic of Korea

2000 Nobel Peace Laureate

At Harvard Kennedy School

April 22, 2008





Honorable Congressman Leach, Director of the Institute of Politics, Dean Bosworth of the Fletcher School, faculty members, students and distinguished guests.


I am deeply honored and grateful to be invited to speak at the prominent ¡°Kennedy School¡¯s Institute of Politics Forum.¡± During my exile to the United States, I spent about a year on this campus in 1983 as a visiting fellow of the Center for International Affairs. During my stay here, I wrote the book ¡°Mass-Participatory Economy,¡± which was honorably published by Harvard University. I feel so overwhelmed and pleased to visit this campus once again after 24 years as a member of the Harvard community. I would like to extend to all of you my sincere greetings of love and friendship.



Distinguished guests.


Today I would like to share a few words under the title of ¡®The Sunshine policy, the road to success¡¯. For more than 30 years, as described in one of Aesop¡¯s fables, I have argued, ¡°It is warm sunshine, not a cold north wind that makes a passerby take off his coat. It is not the use of force or containment policy of the Cold War that can successfully change communism. Such change is only possible by providing security assurances through peaceful coexistence and peaceful exchange and by promoting economic, cultural and human exchanges.¡±


At the presidential inauguration in 1998, I officially proclaimed the Sunshine policy, and proposed the inter-Korean summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il. After that, on June 15, 2000, the first historic summit between the South and the North was held. My visit to Pyongyang was welcomed by 500,000 Pyongyang citizens and considered a great success. I emphasized to Chairman Kim, ¡°We will never accept communism, but neither do we have an intention to overthrow the North Korean regime. We do not want unification by force or through absorption. Instead, we want unification which will be win-win to both South and North Korea under the principles of peaceful coexistence, peaceful exchange and peaceful unification.¡± Furthermore, I stressed that the improvement of the U.S.-DPRK relations were critical for peace on the Korean Peninsula, and proposed that I mediate between the parties. Chairman Kim indicated that he earnestly aspired to enhance ties with the U.S.


At the time, I explained North Korea¡¯s stance to President Clinton, and asked him to engage the North. President Clinton, who consistently supported my Sunshine policy, readily accepted my offer, and invited Vice-Chairman Jo Myung-rok of the DPRK National Defense Commission, the second most powerful man in North Korea to the White House, and had Secretary of State Albright make a visit to Pyongyang to meet Chairman Kim Jong-il. They reached agreement on the peaceful resolution of North Korean missile and nuclear issues and the prospect of normalization of diplomatic ties between the two nations. These initiatives might be considered an effort to implement an American type of Sunshine policy.


However, before these understandings were actually put in place, Clinton¡¯s term ended. Then, the situation dramatically changed. President Bush adopted a North Korea policy of ¡°ABC: Anything But Clinton¡± and totally retracted everything advanced by his predecessor. The days of warm sunshine were replaced by those of a cold north wind. During the following six years of the Bush administration, North Korea withdrew from the Non-Proliferation Treaty, expelled IAEA inspectors who were monitoring North Korean nuclear facilities, launched long-range missiles and eventually conducted nuclear testing in October 2006. The North Korean nuclear issue has not been settled yet.


Meanwhile, my Sunshine policy reaped a great success through the first inter-Korean summit. Tension on the Korean Peninsula greatly eased. The South built an industrial complex in North Korea and started a tourism business. About 1.8 million people visited Mt. Kumkang in North Korea. While only 200 people had been able to be reunited with their separated families during the previous 50 years, the number now reaches 16,000. South Korea has also been providing North Korea with 400,000 tons of food and 300,000 tons of fertilizers every year. Tens of millions of sacks containing food and fertilizer were distributed to every corner of North Korea, with names of South Korean producers printed on them.


The North Korean people were stunned to find that the food and fertilizer were sent by South Korea to help address their hunger, contrary to their belief that the nation hated North Korea and planned to invade it as a pawn of American Imperialism. The hostility North Koreans had against its Southern counterpart turned to friendly sentiment. And now they envy their brethren in the South and wish to enjoy the affluent life of South Koreans. This change of sentiment led to cultural change as well. These days, people in North Korea enjoy South Korean popular songs, TV dramas and even movies. Secretly, of course. What a huge change. What a proud success of the Sunshine policy.



Distinguished guests.


The Sunshine policy, which pursues problem settlement through dialogue, exchange and cooperation while excluding the use of force or confrontation which characterized the Cold War, has not only achieved success in Korea but also proved to be an effective model internationally.


The West, including the U.S., has confronted the Communist camp led by the Soviet Union, and maintained a containment policy of the Cold War for 50 years. However, the West did not achieve success, nor bring about fundamental change until the U.S. changed its stance and started pursuing dialogues, exchanges and collaboration with the Soviet Union.


In order to support this new approach, the OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) Treaty, the so-called Helsinki Treaty was concluded. Participants agreed that they would pursue economic, cultural and human exchanges and that they would respect the sovereignty of Eastern European countries. As a result of the treaty, people in the communist bloc could go outside, and also receive visitors from outside. They were greatly shocked to find out that the outside world, which they were taught to be a bad society, is actually attractive, and that they were living in a society which was like hell, not paradise. Finally, public sentiment changed. It was commotion from within that then led to democratization of the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. Although Western communities couldn¡¯t succeed in taking off the coat of communism through the north wind of the Cold War, they could do so with warm sunshine.


Likewise, they couldn¡¯t reap success in changing China or Vietnam through war or containment, but they could see considerable change by establishing diplomatic ties and seeking exchanges and collaboration with them. The Communist empire which once threatened humanity is now gone from the main stage of history. Remaining Stalinist states are also undergoing drastic change. Aren¡¯t these all great successes of the Sunshine policy?


Distinguished guests.


Now I would like to share a few words about China which you may have keen interest in. China¡¯s rise as an economic superpower can be seen as an inevitability of history. In 1820, China accounted for 27% of the world¡¯s total GDP and India 14%, while the UK and the U.S. took up only 5% and 1% respectively. However, building upon the momentum of the Industrial Revolution, the UK and the U.S. instantly rose as predominant economies. China and India which fell behind in the Industrial Revolution were reduced to colony or semi-colony status. If China and India rise again, it would not be a mere coincidence. Rather, it may be seen as the expression of their potential to repeat and renew their glorious history.


What we wonder is which political direction China, an economic giant, will take: democracy or exclusive nationalism. Depending on which road China will take, the fate of humanity will be greatly impacted. Regarding this, the position of the U.S. is very critical. If the U.S. together with Japan put too much military pressure on China, Chinese nationalism will explode. Consequently, military officers will come to hold dominant power, possibly leading to catastrophic results. However, if the U.S. maintains armed forces which are not excessive but enough to keep the balance against China, it will not be a big threat to China. As a result, China will be able to focus on its internal affairs. In other words, if the U.S. implements a sort of Sunshine policy toward China, we will be able to have greater hopes about democratization of China.


Among several reasons behind this optimism is that China has a heritage of democracy-oriented philosophies and traditions. Chinese Confucianism is based on humanistic teachings, which suggest serving the public like heaven. Mencius, the second most famous philosopher of Confucianism next to Confucius, made an astonishing statement 2,300 years ago. ¡°Emperor is the son of heaven, and heaven entrusted him with the power to govern the public. However, if the emperor does not rule justly and oppress his people, the public can have the right on behalf of heaven to rise up against the emperor and overthrow him.¡± Historically in China, there arose new dynasties approximately every 200 years, and those who rose to overthrow existing emperor took advantage of Mencius¡¯ theory to justify their revolution. In a word, Mencius argued for a popular sovereignty, 2,000 years before John Locke, who introduced the social contract theory in the 17th century as the philosophical founder of Western democracy. As described above, China has democracy-oriented philosophies and traditions, which are inherited from long time ago.


Second, a large middle class is being formed in China whose population is estimated at around 50 million. The emergence of middle class, as demonstrated by western societies like Great Britain and France, will certainly lead to the claim for democracy. Korea can be a case in point as well. In fact, the Chinese Communist Party revised its party constitution several years ago so as to accommodate the middle class in its membership. While party membership was allowed only to workers and farmers in the past, now the membership is expanded to entrepreneurs and intellectuals as well, based on so called ¡®Three Represents¡¯ theory. Middle class has become part of the ruling Communist Party.


Third, more than 300 demonstrations are taking place every day in China by farmers, poor people in urban area and workers. These protests are generally non-violent, and the authorities are also responding sensibly and moderately to the demonstrations. They even accept from time to time what¡¯s requested by protestors. Elections are also held, though at the lowest unit of administration. These are good signs for democratization of China.


Fourth, there is ongoing debate inside China¡¯s ruling party. The Neo-left and neo-right wing are confronting each other inside the Communist Party. The Neo-left wing claims, ¡°China is suffering from the gap between the rich and the poor, corruptions and irregularities, as a result of having adopted capitalism. Therefore, we need to go back to the era of the command economy of Mao Zedong.¡± On the contrary, the neo-right wing argues, ¡°That is not the case. The wealth gap and rampant corruption is due to the lack of democracy. If we have democracy in place, corruption will be eliminated through the power of the people, and the gap between the haves and the have-nots will be narrowed through the implementation of transparent and fair economic policies. China should also adopt a multi-party system, and it should eventually move toward a Sweden type of social democracy.¡± What is noteworthy is that President Hu Jintao is said to have agreed in many parts on the argument of the neo-right wing. If the population of China¡¯s middle class and intellectuals keep growing and reach 200 to 300 million, their pressure on bringing about democracy will be so huge that the authorities will find it hard to bring it under control. Enormous change will come. Given the speed of China¡¯s economic development, we can suppose that the day is not so far away.



Distinguished guests.


Let me reiterate once again. Given the lessons of history and my personal experiences, I have no doubt that the Sunshine policy is the path to follow to successfully change communism. The six-party talks, the forum to discuss the settlement of North Korean nuclear issue, is a thoughtful reflection of the Sunshine policy. Now it is time that democracies across the world including the United States proceed with wisdom in dealing with such Stalinist states as China, Vietnam and North Korea. Then, the God of success will smile at us.


Thank you for listening.




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